沃伦

波兰电影《沃伦》和俄罗斯电影《我们来自未来2》，放在一起看有好处。 乌克兰和白俄罗斯西部有一块领土，原来都是俄罗斯沙皇统治，十月革命后的苏维埃与波兰战争，波兰把这块地方抢过去了，有20万平方公里。这块地方住着乌克兰人和波兰人。 二战，德国入侵波兰，苏联也趁机入侵，把这块地方抢回去了，其中就包括一个叫沃伦的地方。一些文章常说的德国和苏联夹击波兰，实际苏联不过是拿回了1920年被波兰占领的土地。 沃伦这里的乌克兰人和波兰人，无力抗拒强大的德国人和苏联人，但是互相打来打去，以及配合德国欺负犹太人，还是有两手。于是有了波兰人受害的沃伦惨案。 《我们来自未来2》，讲的是两个仇视俄国人的西部乌克兰人，经历了时空穿越，发现他们与俄罗斯人曾经并肩战斗，抗击德国入侵。回到现实后，改变了对历史的看法。 想了解乌克兰与波兰、乌克兰与俄罗斯关系，看这两个电影，会快一些。

看得好累，对西方人脸盲加上对这段历史盲，所以真心看得迷迷糊糊，经过后期维基百科科普，才大概理顺，也基本没理解错，先是苏联怼波兰人，再德国怼犹太人，再乌克兰名族主义疯子怼波兰老百姓，这女主也是惨到极致，怎么就活在这个时代的这个地区，最后那一晚真的人间地狱，什么样的仇恨和煽动可以让普通人变成野兽，完全丧失人性得对待一起生活的邻居呢。我突然想起前两天乌克兰和俄罗斯的那档子事，某个纪录片说实话就充满浓浓的偏向性，我突然对这个名族充满了鸡皮疙瘩，对某些势力的明显偏向性舆论导向也默默擦汗。

读尤瓦尔·赫拉利的《人类简史》，其中对于智人第二次走出非洲后的飞跃式发展，提出了一个有意思假设，他认为智人用语言讲述故事的能力，导致了智人的空前团结。智人懂得了建立一个组织，懂得了运用团队力量的时候，智人就真的成了人。

这个假设是有道理的。想起我上初中的时候，政治课教材上说劳动创造了人，我就一直没搞懂，为什么劳动可以创造人？猴子猩猩等灵长类动物也会劳动啊，甚至也可以使用工具，但为什么就不能成长为人呢。所有的生物难道不是都在为了生存和繁衍在劳动着吗？

语言的进一步精确化，导致了讲故事能力的提升，人类终于迎来快速的发展。

“故事”让大家有了共同相信的东西，导致信仰的产生，开始了原始的宗教，共同的信仰把一群人划归成了一个团体。慢慢的演变成了现代意义的民族，国家，地区，教派等等。

我不觉得判断民族的根本是取决于血统。更多的是一种文化上的认同。例如汉族，就不是讲究血统的，例如“五胡入华”。而且当下的中国，很多少数民族也已经汉化了，例如壮族，除了三月三要放假以外，可能他们大部分人都意识不到自己和汉族的差异了。

百万年来，人类寻找彼此之间的相同点，然后不同的人聚合起来形成团体的本能一直没有改变。小到一个公司，一个班级拉帮结派，大到不同的政党，不同信仰的教派，不同的国家和民族。一旦确定你不是我们这个圈子的，那就要打击报复了，甚至摧毁。

电影《沃伦》中，乌克兰人，波兰人，犹太人，在沃伦这个地区，曾经发生的互相屠杀极其恐惧，据说电影展示的只有真实事件的十分之一。曾经友善的邻居成了魔鬼，可曾想到，几年前还一起在田间并肩劳作的邻居，几年后会用农具插向你的肚子，挖掉你的眼睛，剥掉你的皮肤，用斧子在门槛上砍下你的头颅。

而且比较讽刺的是，乌克兰人波兰人都是属于斯拉夫人。

可以这么说，智人能够在尼安德特人直立人等猿人中脱颖而出，并迅速站到了食物链的顶端。这种寻找共同点聚合成团体的基因，就流淌在我们的血液里了。

在这个自然界，最恐怖的物种不是别人，就是我们智人。

这是一部比任何恐怖片都恐怖的历史电影，讲述的是二战期间发生在东欧的一连串人间惨剧。但这次被控诉的对象却不是作为政治个体的德国纳粹，而是深藏在无数历史灾难背后，从未被驯服，也从未走远的人类的兽性。

电影的名字源于沃伦地区，泛指今日西乌克兰与波兰交界的沃利尼亚（Volhynia）和加利西亚（Galicia），从19世纪的三次瓜分波兰事件，到1939年二战前夕，这一地区控制权反复易手，波兰人、乌克兰人、犹太人在这片土地上混居交融，终于在二战期间爆发了极其血腥恐怖的种族屠杀事件。

故事始于1939年沃伦地区一场乡村中欢乐的婚礼，一户波兰人家的大女儿嫁给了乌克兰人的小伙子。婚礼上，波兰人、乌克兰人、犹太人，四邻八舍不分种族全都跑来庆贺，共享美酒与游戏，虽然其中有暗流涌动，但庆典的气氛还是其乐融融。电影的主角，波兰人家的小女儿Zosia虽然也有乌克兰心上人，却被父亲为金钱和土地，许配给了富裕的波兰老鳏夫。转眼间战争爆发，在列强操弄下复国仅21年的波兰再次闪电亡国，被苏德两个强盗邻居所瓜分。苏联占领了沃伦地区，作为有产阶级的波兰人被大面积抄家流放。为救下Zosia，她的乌克兰心上人冒险贿赂苏联军官，不幸被杀，用生命保住了Zosia和他们的私生子。与此同时，伴随波兰统治倒台，乌克兰民族主义趁机抬头，暗地里开始了对波兰人的报复。没过几年，苏德开战，占领者换成了德国人，轮到犹太人被大规模消灭，他们东躲西藏，却还是难逃厄运。再往后，盟军开始反攻，纳粹再无心力管理占领区事务，乌克兰民族主义急速膨胀。臭名昭著的乌克兰起义军（UPA）成立，试图在二战乱局中，用暴力手段使乌克兰获得独立地位，在沃伦地区展开了针对波兰人与同情波兰人的乌克兰人的无差别大屠杀。随之，波兰人也展开了对乌克兰人与保护乌克兰人的波兰人的报复性屠杀。

想象一下，昨天还跟你一起在田地里劳作收割嬉戏玩耍聊天谈心的邻居们突然集合起来听政治宣传，下一刻就提着同样的农具来杀光你全家。这么恐怖的画面竟然不仅仅是故事，而真实发生在了我们自己的历史里。从1943年春开始，到1944年苏联夺回西乌克兰为止，大屠杀持续了超过1年，无论男人、妇女、儿童，甚至婴儿，一个个波兰村庄在一夜之间被屠戮殆尽。砍头、剥皮、剖腹、挖眼、火烧、二马分尸……施暴者使用了超过160种不同的恶毒手段将被害者蹂躏致死，至少15万犹太人，8万波兰人，1.5万乌克兰人失去了性命，彻底让一个和谐的民族融合地区变成了人间炼狱。

Zosia家人中，先是家婆死在了苏联的流放路上，接着是丈夫与其亡妻的儿子，以及Zosia父母先后死于乌克兰人的杀戮。Zosia姐姐虽然嫁给了乌克兰人，却又反过来成了波兰人的报复对象，一家五口惨死在了波兰人的暴怒里。唯一逃脱了屠杀的Zosia与她的私生子，最后还是不幸命丧于逃亡路上的野狼。

民族是什么，百度百科里民族是指“文化、语言、历史或宗教与其他人群在客观上有所区分的一群人”。我们都是同一个物种，人类，不同的民族并非天然有所不同，仅仅是由于我们后天主观定义出来的差异，却在动荡中成了判别一个人生与死的依据，不觉得非常可笑吗？包括我在内，大部分国内观众都对电影里的角色脸盲，常常只能依靠服饰中的细节、言行才能判别角色的民族属性，这其实从侧面反映了民族界限是何等的模糊。

电影里有一段，Zosia带着儿子在逃亡路上被UPA拦了下来，Zosia谎称自己是乌克兰人，无法判断的UPA只能命令Zosia划十字、背诵祷词，以此来辨别真假。外貌毫无特征差异的人们，划错十字就不是人，就可以被随意清理掉，何其荒谬。事实上，波兰人属于西斯拉夫人，乌克兰人属于东斯拉夫人，仅仅是一个信仰天主教，一个信仰东正教，他们不但是近千百年来毗邻而居的老邻居，还是源自同一个祖宗的亲兄弟。

屠杀发生后，姐姐丈夫的兄弟参加了UPA，他恳求弟弟杀死波兰妻子，否则弟弟与他的孩子都活不下来，绝望挣扎后，弟弟反手就用斧子砍死了一心想救他的亲哥哥。是什么让丈夫必须要做妻子与死亡二选一的选择题？是什么迫使曾经共同成长的弟弟将斧头砍向曾在婚礼上为他送上祝福的哥哥？

暴力者随意解释，彻底颠倒着这个世界最起码的是非观念与道德逻辑，泯灭了人与人之间最基本的温情，将现实推向了完全颠倒的混沌与烈火之中。

电影前后还运用了大量对比讽刺的镜头来凸显这种荒谬：

姐姐的幸福起源于门廊，也惨烈地止于门廊。在波兰娘家的门廊，人们斩断她的辫子，表明她从少女成为妇人。而在乌克兰夫家的门廊，前来报复的波兰人疯狂地砍下了她的头。

婚礼上，所有民族都不分彼此地欢快起舞，人们玩了一种围着圆圈，接力扔燃烧木桩的传统游戏，而大屠杀到来后，还是同一个游戏，只是木桩换成了被裹上干草点燃的波兰小男孩。

本该代表平和与信仰，播撒爱与宽容的教堂成了狂热民族分子思想统战的集会地，神父布道完，大家就纷纷抄起农具去杀人。

面对前来和平谈判的波兰军官，UPA口口声声说着我欣赏你诗词中美好的理想，却丝毫不妨碍下一秒就下令将对方二马分尸，即使你我从前无冤无仇。

村里有三个年龄相仿的小男孩是好伙伴，一个波兰孩子，一个乌克兰孩子，一个犹太孩子。他们还太小什么都不懂，只是在成年人的影响下，犹太小孩偶尔会被小伙伴欺负，再后来突然有一天好伙伴说：你是波兰人，我不跟你玩了。孩子脑海中有了民族主义的概念，即使他甚至未必懂得什么是民族……

民族对立，宗教矛盾，政治冲突，经济、教育权不公，这些问题其实都由来已久，绝非一日之寒，但在和平年代，尚有国家机器在维持整个社会的运行秩序，纵然有暗流涌动，却总体被压抑着难以掀起大浪。电影反映的实际是制度崩坏下的恐怖，无政府状态下，失去了制约兽性的暴力机构，人类最原始的恶毫无节制地爆发了出来。不像南京、犹太那样或因战争，或按统治者命令，由国家机关牵头对平民实施的杀戮，沃伦更多是受极端思想驱使的平民自发对曾长期和睦相处的异己群体实施的无差别大规模清洗，更令人痛心不已。而最令人难过的是同样的恐怖故事，在人类的历史中，沃伦既非第一次，也远非最后一次，惨绝人寰的场景原封不动地，一而再，再而三地回归：1948年的印巴、1975年的柬埔寨、1988年的高加索、1992年的波黑、1994年的卢旺达、1998年的印尼……人们不但操起砍刀就去剁掉老邻居的脑袋，而且如《杀戮演绎》中所展示的，当事情平息之后，他们回家照常吃饭睡觉，仿佛那些被他们大卸八块的人从来就没有存在过。

“不要说这些人是禽兽，禽兽是不会折磨人的。”

在炼狱之中，善良的人性光辉尤其显得弥足珍贵。据波兰历史学家统计，当时曾有4000多波兰人被乌克兰百姓救助过，为此，有至少400名乌克兰人为营救波兰人而付出了生命的代价。对此，电影中也有过不少描述，但这些善良的“冒险”还是太有限了，面对席卷而来的极端民族主义洪流，个体力量之渺小几乎微不足道。

二战后，波兰、乌克兰的民族问题最终靠简单粗暴的人口强制迁移大致解决。后来，波兰政府对曾经的错误民族政策进行了反思与公开道歉，而乌克兰则由于众所周知的特殊政治光环，始终拒不承认沃伦屠杀。当二战中死难的犹太人早已沉冤得雪，沃伦屠杀的真相却还被深深封锁在历史的乱葬岗里，就像《卡廷森林》，被害者的后辈只能一再通过电影来对世人的封锁和沉默表达他们极度悲愤的控诉。“东部的波兰人被屠杀了两次，先是被用斧子砍，第二次却是死于沉默，第二次死亡更恶劣，远超过了第一次。”

近年，随着乌东冲突加剧，乌克兰民族主义者开始肆无忌惮地高举UPA的黑红色军旗，公开宣扬新纳粹极端思想，甚至把UPA头目斯捷潘·班德拉奉为民族英雄。眼看今年俄乌战争爆发，同属东斯拉夫人，亲缘度比波乌更高的两国终于同室操戈，而为早已过时的意识形态之争，包括波兰在内的欧洲各国纷纷站队乌克兰，政客们大概都渐渐淡忘了曾经的恐怖过往。我禁不住要问出那个难以启齿的问题：电影里惨绝人寰的场景，离我们还会远吗？

本片过度考验心理承受能力，不建议绝大部分人群观看，真要看的话，建议优先选择阉割版吧。生而为人的责任，历史不容忘却，已收藏。

有很多细节没大跟上，然后去补了一下课hhhhh，来自Wikipedia，对于一些脸盲的地方有帮助。

The movie tells the story of a young Polish girl, Zosia Głowacka, from Volhynia's a village settled by Ukrainians, Poles and Jews.The story begins shortly before the outbreak of World War II in 1939 with the marriage of Zosia's sister to a Ukrainian. During the wedding, Zosia's father decides that she has to marry an older village administrator and a widower, Maciej Skiba, despite her being deeply in love with a young, local Ukrainian boy, Petro. The local Ukrainian population shows a lot of resentment towards Polish officials, as they favor the Polish minority in Volhynia. Because of that, some Ukrainians carry out terrorist attacks against Polish authorities and Ukrainian collaborators. These attacks are met with severe actions from the Polish government, including closing Orthodox churches and the humiliation of the Ukrainian population. Despite that, some parts of the Ukrainian and Polish populations try to reconcile with each other.

When the war begins, Maciej gets conscripted to the Polish Army to fight against the Germans in the September Campaign. When the campaign is lost, Maciej and other survivors try to return to their homes. On their way back, all members of the group, except Maciej, are captured by local Ukrainians, tortured and killed.

Maciej manages to get to the village thanks to disguising himself as a Ukrainian. The village is in the eastern part of Poland, which gets occupied by the Soviet Union, and communist rule is established in the village. The local Ukrainian and Jewish populations co-operate with the Soviet authorities, replacing prewar Polish authorities as governors.

In the meantime, Zosia gets pregnant, most likely by Petro, but wants Maciej to believe that the child is his. As a part of a massive deportation of the Polish population carried out by the Soviets in 1939–1941, Zosia, Maciej and his children, are about to be sent to Siberia or Kazakhstan to do forced labour. Zosia and the children are rescued in the last moment, just as the train is about to depart. Petro bribes the guard with vodka. When they come back to Petro's home, Zosia gets contractions. While she is giving birth to her child, the guard arrives and kills Petro. Zosia then takes care of Maciej's home and children during his absence. The children are sent to a school organized by the Soviets.

The plot then switches to 1941, when the German Army is conquering Volhynia during Operation Barbarossa. The Germans begin to kill the local Jews and organize local police units from Ukrainian collaborators, who actively participate in the Holocaust. However, Zosia and other Ukrainians still try to help the Jews by hiding them in safe places.

In the meantime, Maciej comes back home after he manages to escape deportation. The family tries to organize its life in the changed reality, as the Poles face increased hostility from their Ukrainian neighbours, resulting in an increase of murders of Poles committed by the latter. One day Maciej sets out to the local market despite Zosia's protests motivated by her fearing for his safety. She is proven right, as the other Polish neighbours arrive some days later with Maciej's head cut off.

Zosia tries to get by the best she can while she takes care of the children. However, one day, she defends herself against an attempted rape by a Ukrainian policeman, and the presence of the Jews hidden by her is revealed. The Jews, an old couple and a young unrelated boy, escape and find shelter for the winter in the home of a local Ukrainian, who agrees to help after the Jew promises him a large amount of money. When the Jew's wife dies and winter comes, the Ukrainian demands a payment. When he asees that the Jew cannot pay him, he murders him in the forest. The young Jew is rescued by the Ukrainian's son.

In the summer of 1943, news about the killings committed by Ukrainians spreads among the Poles in the village. At the time, a young Polish man who is seriously injured arrives at Zosia's home. When he recovers, he settles there as it makes Zosia feel safer. He contacts the local Home Army unit, which, by orders of the Polish government in the United Kingdom, does not protect the Poles from Ukrainian attacks but prepares to fight the Germans in the future. When the young man is asked to be a guide for members of the Home Army on the way to a meeting with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), Zosia desperately tries to discourage him from going. She failed to stop him. When two members of the Home Army arrive at the meeting, as agreed without weapons, they get surrounded by the UPA soldiers, captured, and then dismembered by horses. The men from the UPA then hunt for the rest of the Home Army group. They find only Zosia's friend, who has escaped and is hiding in a church that is full of Poles. During the ceremony, the Ukrainians enter the church, killing everyone in the way, but Zosia's friend. She runs to the church's tower and somehow survives the attack.

In the meantime, the local Ukrainian population, the former Ukrainian policeman and his friends join the UPA in the forest. They gather and call to eradicate the lands from Poles. There are two ceremonies from the Ukrainian Orthodox priests shown: the first one preaching about loving neighbours and the second one calling to kill all Poles to achieve pure Ukrainian lands at last.

Soon, the first survivors of the pogroms arrive to the village and tell the story of Ukrainian neighbours killing Poles and everybody who protested against the killings. The local Ukrainian village administrator arrives at Zosia's home to ensure her that she and her children can stay at home, as they would not be harmed by their Ukrainian neighbours. Also, other Polish people are reassured about their safety. However, those are only deception tactics to allow Ukrainians to kill as many Poles as possible.

The killings in the village begin at night. Zosia escapes with her child, but as she runs away, she sees Poles being tortured, including pregnant women being stabbed in womb, people getting disemboweled and getting their eyes gouged out. Zosia's stepson is murdered during this massacre. Her stepdaughter, however, is rescued by a Ukrainian peasant. On their way to escape from certain death, Zosia and her child arrive to Petro's previous house, where they get rescued by Petro's mother.

As Zosia runs away with her child from place to place, she encounters the corpses of mutilated Polish infants, women and elderly in every village. In one place, she runs into a unit of the German Army, which saves her from certain death, just moments before Ukrainians are about to kill her and her child. The Germans are astonished at first as to why she walks alongside them, but when they find more and more stacks of murdered Poles on their way, they feel sorry for her and escort her to the place where her sister, Helena, lives. She is welcomed there, as Vasyl, Helena's Ukrainian husband, is friendly to Poles. Zosia hides in their shed with her son. As most of the village's population is already involved in killings, Vasyl's brother tries to convince him to join the nationalists and to kill his Polish wife so that he can save himself and the children. As they wrangle, Vasyl kills his own brother with an axe.

The next night, the whole family is attacked by Poles who seek revenge on Ukrainians. They condemn Helena for living with a Ukrainian. They slaughter her newborn in front of her eyes, kill Vasyl and behead her. Zosia observes everything from the shed. Terrified, she escapes again and is now afraid of both Ukrainians and Poles. She hides in the woods with her son. Subsequent scenes show the UPA rushing through the forest, exultantly celebrating while leading a cart occupied by the Poles who killed Helena's family and other Ukrainians, but now disfigured, mauled and visibly tortured as punishment for the retaliatory attacks. A young, blond man with obscured features places Zosia's son on a horse-drawn cart, before approaching Zosia's resting place in the forest. The film then alternates between shots of an unconscious Zosia on a cart, Zosia and her son walking through a German checkpoint at a bridge, before finally settling on an unconscious Zosia lying on the cart, her son sitting at the front of the wagon with the young man, who looks exactly like Petro, making their way through the wide green fields of Volhynia.